competence begets competence.вЂќ From the literature, the committee identified the following four outcomes as fundamental to children's well-being. 492), вЂњeffectiveness in one domain of competence in one period of life becomes the scaffold on which later competence in newly emerging domains develops. In the words of Masten and Cicchetti (2010, p. These early interactions can have a long-lasting ripple effect on development across the life course, whereby the function of one domain of development influences another domain over time. They result from and are enhanced by early positive and supportive interactions with parents and other caregivers. Identifying these outcomes grounds the discussion of core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices and helps researchers, practitioners, and policy makers establish priorities for investment, develop policies that provide optimal conditions for success, advocate for the adoption and implementation of appropriate evidence-based interventions, and utilize data to assess and improve the effectiveness of specific policies and programs.Д¬hild outcomes are interconnected within and across diverse domains of development. To determine the salient features of core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices, the committee first identified desired outcomes for children.

The core knowledge, attitudes, and practices identified in this chapter serve as a foundation, along with contextual factors that affect parenting, for the committee's review of the effectiveness of strategies for strengthening parenting capacity in subsequent chapters of this report.

This is followed by brief discussion of the family system as a key source of additional determinants of parenting. It then reviews the knowledge, attitudes, and practices identified in the literature as core-those most strongly associated with healthy child development-drawing primarily on correlational and experimental studies. The chapter begins by defining desired outcomes for children that appear frequently in the research literature and inform efforts by agencies at the federal, state, and local levels to promote child health and well-being. The chapter also describes findings from research regarding how core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices may differ by specific characteristics of children and parents, as well as by context. This chapter responds to the first part of the committee's charge-to identify core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices that are associated with positive parent-child interactions and the healthy development of children ages birth to 8.

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